Design Stage in Construction

Design Stage in Construction Here I will explain all the relevant stages and factors which need to be taken into account in the design stage of construction in relation to the RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) plan of work. RIBA Plan of Work A Inception Client establishes basic requirements, cost ranges, timetables, etc. He appoints architect and principle consultants. Basic project organization is established. Firstly the client will establish the basic requirements, cost ranges, timetables, etc and an architect will be appointed and they will be consulted for his help and professional opinion. The architect will be required to carry out the following jobs. 01 Obtain information about the site from the Client 02 Visit the site and carry out an initial appraisal 03 Assist the Client in preparation of Clients requirements 04 Advise the Client on methods of procuring construction 05 Advise on the need for specialist contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers to design and execute parts of the Works. 06 Prepare proposals and make application for outline planning approval. The architect will need at least one meeting client and will aim to establish the main parts and general outline of his requirements. It is important for the architect to plan his work so that it matches the fees he is receiving. These fees are charged at a percentage of the overall cost of the project depending on the job type. At this stage the main financial concern is limitations. This is where money must not be overspent and prices for materials must stay acceptable. It is important that acceptable methods of communication are discussed during the early stages of the job. B Feasibility The following processes will be carried out at this stage. 01 Carry out such studies as may be necessary to determine the feasibility of Clients requirements 02 Review the Clients alternative design and construction approaches and the cost implications 03 Advise on the need to obtain planning permission, approvals under Building Acts and or other regulations or other statutory requirements. 04 Develop the Clients requirements. 05 Advise on environmental impact and prepare a report In this stage the architect will work out whether it is technically possible to construct the motel on our given site. In order to do this the architect will have to obtain information on costs, detailed information on the site and information on the clients requirements provided at the inception stage. The local authority will be asked to supply us with there standard briefing checklist that will be used to record information. The highway authority will be consulted to carry out checks to determine that there are no problems with access relating to the site. These are all discussed in meetings. Drawings and models will be produced to help determine feasibility. These will be purely visual aids only and will not consist of construction information or details. After the results of the investigations are gathered, the architect will report to the client and say whether or not it is a feasible proposition to meet the client requirements. Brief The brief is the means of communicating the clients requirements to the professionals who will be responsible for implementing the Clients instructions. The instructions may be to a lawyer, an architect, an interior designer, etc. Although there are many forms of brief, the brief for a construction project will be dealt with, in particular, in these notes, but the process and approach is applicable to any brief. The brief should be based on a systematic appraisal of the Clients requirements. The brief should not be based on preconceived ideas or assumptions. The brief may be developed through discussion and negotiation, which are used to clarify and define the Clients needs. The brief will form the terms of reference for the work to be undertaken by the Professional. As a set of instructions, the clearer and the more detailed the information supplied, the greater the probability that the service being provided will fulfil the Clients requirements. Thus it is important that a brief gives very detailed information describing precisely the requirements of the Client. The brief, as well as communicating factual information, it should also define the constraints and criteria within which the professional must work. Such constraints and criteria may be the budget, the time scale, etc. C Outline Proposals The brief is further developed in line with the general approach to layout, design, construction and services. A cost plan is established. The client is asked for his authoritative approval on how to proceed. 0.1 Analyze the Clients requirements; prepare outline proposals. 0.2 Provide information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultants 0.3 Provide information to other consultants for the preparation of an approximation of construction costs 0.3 A Provide an approximation of construction costs 04 Submit outline proposals and approximation of construction cost for the Clients approval 05 Propose a procedure for cost planning and control 06 Provide information to others for cost planning and control throughout the project 06 A Operate the procedure for cost planning and control throughout the project 07 Prepare and keep updated a Clients running expenditure plan for the project 08 Carry out negotiations with tenants or others identified by the Client Here the architect will relate the clients requirements to the information given in stage B. expert advice from structural and building engineers will be sort. The relevant parties will then discuss the various different options given to us This will help us to determine what type of construction would be best for the site on plot j. now the outline scheme drawings can be prepared. Cost limits of the project will be taken into account by the quantity surveyor, where the architect will help him. Within the cost limits the quantity surveyor and architect will discuss the building standard, which can be provided with these limits. Indication as to when the building work will start on site and when it is to finish, an outline pre-contract programme will be prepared. D Scheme Design The brief is completed and architectural, engineering and services designs are integrated. The cost plan, overall programme and outline specification are developed and planning and other approvals applied for. A report is submitted to the client for his approval. 01 Develop scheme design from approved outline proposals 02 Provide the information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultant into scheme design 03 Provide information to other consultants for their preparation of cost estimate 03 A Prepare cost estimate 04 Prepare preliminary timetable for construction 05 Consult with planning authorities 06 Consult with Building Control Authorities 07 Consult with Fire Authorities 08 Consult with environmental authorities 09 Consult with licensing authorities 10 Consult with statutory undertakers 11 Prepare application for full planning approval 12 Submit scheme design showing spatial arrangements, materials and appearance together with cost estimate for the Clients approval 13 Consult with tenants and others identified 14 Conduct exceptional negotiations with planning authorities 15 Submit an application for full planning approval 16 Prepare multiple applications for full planning approval 17 Submit multiple planning applications 18 Make revisions to scheme design to deal with requirements of planning authorities 19 Revise planning application 20 Resubmit planning application 21 Carry out special construction research for the project including design of prototypes. Mock ups or models. 22 Monitor testing of prototypes, mock-ups or models. Now the Design Team will prepare a scheme to show parts of the building as to where they go and what they look like. It will also give a brief description of the materials being used. To do this the architect will have to complete his studies to get the ‘user requirements. Specialist firms and the design team will decide materials, finishes and services etc. We will now sort full planning permission and building regulations approval and all effected parties, which will be involved in the site such as highways and drainage, will be notified of our intentions by the local authority. The architect will now require a cost plan, this will be drafted up with the aid of the quantity surveyor. This will consist of an approximate cost of the project and a separate cost for building 3 and 4. this will then be submitted to the client for his approval. The client will be notified that the scheme cannot change once he has given his approval, and if he does so then this will result in the payment of additional fees. E Detailed Design The team designs, co-ordinates and specifies all parts and components, completes cost checks and obtains clients approval of significant details and costs. Specialist tenders may be sought. 01 Develop the detailed design from the approved scheme design 02 Provide information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultants into detailed design 03 Provide information to other consultants for their revision of cost estimate 03 A Revise cost estimate 04 Prepare Building Notice under building Act and/or Regulations 05 Agree form of building contract and explain the Clients obligations thereunder 06 Obtain Clients approval of the type of construction, quality of materials and standard of workmanship 07 Apply for approvals under Building Acts and /or Regulations and other statutory requirements 08 Negotiate if necessary over Building Acts and/or regulations and other statutory requirements 09 Conduct exceptional negotiations for approval by statutory authorities 10 Negotiate waivers or relaxations under Building Acts and/or regulations and other statutory requirements. In this stage of the process the final drawing will be completed and the specification of the building will be completed. The specification will be done by the architectural technologist. The plan of work will be put together. The bill of quantities will be put together by the quantity surveyor from the specification. Information will be provided for the revision of cost estimation also the authorities will be consulted on developed design proposals. The client will approve to the type of construction, the quality of the materials, the standard of workmanship and revised cost estimation. The client will be advised on the consequences of any subsequent changes on cost and programming. F Production Information The team prepares working drawings, schedules and specifications and agrees with the client how the work is to be carried out. Specialist tenders may be sought. 01 Prepare production drawings 02 Prepare specifications 03 Provide information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultants into production information 04 Co-ordinate production information 05 Prepare other production information 06 Submit plans for proposed building works for approval of landlords, funders, freeholders, tenants or others as requested by the Client. The Architectural Technologist will put together a specification so a tender document can be produced. The production information will be prepared for tender purposes; also schedules will be prepared for rates and quantities. The architectural technologist must prepare and submit under building acts and regulation for the statutory requirements. Building notice must be prepared and given however this is not so in Scotland. Roles of the Design Team (Task 1B) Everyone on the design team has specific roles that need to be carried out with care. If a role is not carried out to a specific degree of quality then the offender may be liable for any accidents or damages as this is classed as negligence. The client; These are the clients duties however the client may decide to appoint a clients agent. Then the clients agent would carry these tasks out however it is still the ‘client responsibility to appoint a ‘competent agent to do the job. †¢ Appoint a planning supervisor; †¢ Provide information on health and safety to the planning supervisor; †¢ Appoint a principal contractor; †¢ Ensure those you appoint are competent and adequately resourced to carry out their health and safety responsibilities; †¢ Ensure that a suitable health and safety plan has been prepared by the principal contractor before construction work starts; and †¢ Ensure the health and safety file given to you at the end of the project is kept available for use. If you arrange for someone to prepare a design or for a contractor to carry out construction work on the project, you also have duties to ensure they are competent and are adequately resourced to carry out their health and safety responsibilities. The Architect; The architect is responsible for defining and maintaining the structure of the solution, and ensuring that it will meet the requirements. An architect must also help the team to work together in an agile fashion, to jointly own the solution, and to interface well with other parts of the organization. There are five main parts to this: Understanding the requirements identifying the stakeholders, helping to analyze the requirements and extracting those of architectural significance Formulating the design creating a solution structure which will meet the various requirements, balancing the goals and constraints on the solution, Communicating the architecture making sure that everyone understands the architecture. Different people have different viewpoints, so the architect has to present various views of the system appropriate to different audiences, Supporting the developers making sure that the developers are able to realize the architecture, by a combination of mentoring and direct involvement, Verifying the implementation ensuring the delivered system is consistent with the agreed architecture, and will meet the requirements. The Architectural Technologist; Architectural technologists work in building design and construction management teams, working especially closely with architects. They form the link between the architects concept and the completed construction, bridging the gap between the idea of an attractive functional building and the reality of that building performing successfully. They ensure that the right materials are used and that the building meets building regulations and other legal requirements. They also monitor quality assurance, cost and the meeting of deadlines throughout the lifetime of a construction project. Fully qualified members of the Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT) can take total responsibility for the management of a project. The balance of different activities varies according to the kind of projects and the size of the organisation. However, typical work activities usually include: †¢ Meeting with clients and other involved professionals at an early stage to agree the project brief; †¢ Understanding how the design aspects of a construction project influence and relate to performance and functional issues, so that practical questions can be addressed at an early stage; †¢ Evaluating environmental, legal and regulatory issues and advising on these; †¢ Contributing to planning applications and other regulatory application procedures; †¢ Assessing what surveys (e.g. land surveys) are required before work can commence and ensuring such surveys is undertaken and their results fed into the project; †¢ Developing project briefs and working on these as the project progresses; †¢ Preparing and presenting design proposals using computer-aided design (CAD) and traditional drawing methods; †¢ Leading the detailed design process and co-ordinating design information; †¢ Advising clients on procuring the best and most appropriate contracts for the work they are undertaking; †¢ Liaising with appropriate authorities (e.g. planning enquiries and building inspectors) when producing documentation for statutory approval; †¢ Producing, analysing and advising on detailed specifications for suitable materials or processes to be used in construction; †¢ Carrying out design-stage risk assessments; †¢ Administering contracts and project certifications; †¢ Obtaining feedback on work in progress and finished results from clients; †¢ Appraising the performance of buildings which are in use and producing maintenance management information; †¢ Evaluating and advising on refurbishment, re-use, recycling and deconstruction; †¢ Managing the work of trainee technologists; †¢ Contributing to the overall running of business. Landscape Architect; Landscape architects/designers are essentially designers of outdoor spaces, of any land open to the sky, including land lying around and between buildings. They work to ensure that any changes made to the natural environment are appropriate and sensitive, as well as innovative and aesthetically pleasing. Projects can be both urban and rural and range from designing the layout of parks, gardens and housing estates to improving land affected by mineral extraction or motorway construction. The work involves collaborating closely with landscape contractors, as well as other professionals, especially architects, and those working in surveying and engineering functions. Structural Engineer; A structural engineer designs structures that will withstand the pressures they have to endure. These may be buildings, aerials, bridges, oil rigs, aircraft; anything from a playground climbing frames to the tallest building. They develop initial designs, using mathematics to calculate the stress that could arise at each point in the structure, and simulate and model possible situations, such as high winds and earth movements. When construction has commenced, they are often involved in inspecting the work and advising contractors. These engineers often work in partnership with architects. They also examine buildings, bridges and other structures to discover whether or not they are structurally sound. Services Engineer; A building services engineer is responsible for ensuring the cost-effective and environmentally sound design and maintenance of energy-using elements in buildings. They have an important role in developing and maintaining buildings, and their components, to make the most effective use of natural resources and protect public safety. This includes all equipment and materials involved with heating, lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning, electrical distribution, water supply, fire protection, safety systems, lifts and escalators, and even acoustics. Whilst the role increasingly demands a multidisciplinary approach, building services engineers tend to specialise in one of the following areas: Electrical engineering; Mechanical engineering; Public health. Stages of Project Planning Process (Task 1C) Planning Team The project team can be very important and it is essential to show that the team have the relevant experience, skills or training. It is often necessary to employ people who have been associated with similar projects previously. The experts may be expensive or may have limited availability, in which case the expert can be appointed as an advisor and may not have a great input. It is important not to mislead the Client by indicating a greater input than there will be in reality. G Tender Documentation This is the first part of the planning stage. Here, the contract documents have been signed and any matters that have not been signed will be discussed between the architect, the client and the contractor. Both the client and the architect have rights and responsibilities where they must understand their own roles in the project. The client will be the employer and the architect will be the employers agent. Really this meeting will sort out the roles and responsibilities of everyone and a checklist may be used so that nothing is forgotten. H Tender Action Main contract tenders are obtained by negotiation or competitive tendering procedures. The client is asked to agree that suitable tenders are accepted. 01 Advise on and obtain the Clients approval to list of tenderers for the building contract 02 Invite tenders 03 Appraise and report on tenders with other consultants 03 A Appraise and report on tenders 04 Assist other consultants in negotiating with tenderer 04 A Negotiate with a tenderer 05 Assist other consultants in negotiating a price with a contractor 05 A Negotiate a price with a contractor 06 Select a contractor by other means 07 Revise production information to adjust tender sum 08 Arrange for other contracts to be let prior to the main building contract The contractor will be given a list of firms that the architect is considering using including the ones named at the tender stage. The architect must ensure that the contractor has no objections with any of the firms involved. The subcontractors and suppliers will receive letters telling them that they have been successful or unsuccessful. The contractor will then be informed to accept the sub-contractors quotation. When the architect has the meeting with the contractor he must make sure the agreement has been completed the clauses have been deleted from the conditions as appropriate. The signing of the contract includes many operations such as checking the contractors insurance and sending the contractor a copy of the contract. J Project Planning Contract documents are processed. The contractor receives information needed to plan the work. The site inspector is briefed and all roles are defined. The site is made available for work to start. 01 Advise Client on the appointment of the contractor and on the responsibilities of the parties and the Architect under the Building Contract 02 Prepare the building contract and arrange for it to be signed 03 Provide production information as required by the building contract 04 Provide services in connection with demolition 05 Arrange for other contractors to be let subsequent to the commencement of the building contract Production information must be ready for the project meeting. This is the meeting that takes place before any work starts on site. The project information will be made up of two copies of the drawings, schedules and specifications. Copies of statutory approvals and the architect and contractor programme will be needed. K Operations on Site Contract is administered and contractual obligations fulfilled with progress and quality control monitored. Financial control, with regular reports to the client, is maintained. 01 Administer the terms of the building contract 02 Conduct meetings with the contractor to review progress 03 Provide information to other consultants for the preparation of financial reports of the Client 03 A Prepare financial reports for the Client 04 Generally inspect materials delivered to site 05 As appropriate instruct the taking of samples, carrying out of tests of materials, components, techniques and workmanship and examine the conduct and results of such tests whether on or off site 06 As appropriate instruct the opening up of completed works to determine that it is generally in accordance with the Contract Documents 07 As appropriate visit the sites of the extraction and fabrication and assembly of materials and components to inspect such materials and workmanship before delivery to site. 08 At intervals appropriate to the stage of construction visit the Works to inspect the progress and quality of the Works and to determine that they are being executed generally in accordance with the Contract Documents 09 Direct and control the activities of site staff 10 Administer the terms of other contracts 11 Monitor the progress of the Works against the contractors programme and report to the Client 12 Prepare valuations of the work carried out and completed During the early stages of project planning, it is important to identify the resources and schedule for development of the Maintenance Operations Plan. The roles and responsibilities of the various resources must be determined and an overall approach developed. Most project processes will have maintenance and operations equivalents, including change management, governance processes, testing and communications. Employers need to review Project planning elements to determine those needed on an ongoing basis and include them in the Maintenance Operations Plan. A risk assessment will have to be carried out for each operation that will occur on site. This determines what PPE the person will have to wear and how big the risk is of carrying out this operation. A check list will have to be made so that all equipment can be checked over once and a while. For example, the oil level in generators must be checked weekly so that they are able to run smoothly on site. A checklist can be ticked off once the generator has been checked and is in good working order. L Completion Project is handed over for occupation. Defects are corrected, claims are resolved and final account is agreed. Final Certificate is issued. 01 Provide drawings showing the building and main lines of drainage 02 Arrange the drawings of building services installations to be provided 03 Generally give advice on maintenance 04 Prepare drawings for convincing purposes 05 Compile maintenance and operational manuals 06 Incorporate information prepared by others in the maintenance manuals 07 Arrange maintenance contracts This is the stage where the building is handed over to the client so that it can be occupied, rented etc. All remediation is done to any thing thats is wrong within the project. The final account should be signed by the client to say that he is happy and that there is nothing else to be done. The architect also needs to sign it. It also means that everything has been done according to the contract. M Feedback The performance of the building and the design and construction teams are analysed and recorded for future reference. This stage also mentions that after the building has been finished, the architect and the contractor are responsible for any failures that may occur to the building in the near future. However, it is obvious that if the failure occurs in the far future then this not their responsibility. At the end of this stage there are many questions asked. These include things such as, Did the contractor work well? Does the building function properly? Did the design process work smoothly? What does the client think of the building? Factors that effect planning decisions (Task 1C) There are many things that need to be taken into consideration when making planning decisions, all projects produce different factors to be considered such as the following; Budget Availability of materials Availability of workers (Hiring sub contactors) Weather The Planning (conservation areas listed building areas) act 1990 The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 Restrictions on the land/local area Usage of development Surrounding infrastructure Existing Access Who will be using the facility e.g. old people or disabled Demands of the client Building regulations How to overcome these factors 1) Analysis of the Problem Breakdown the problem into simple components which may be easily managed. Create a flowchart in the form of a decision tree. Each stage of a project and all possible options are shown so as to produce a series of outcomes. 2) Assessment of Outcomes. This is based on utility (the relative desirability) which is assessed for each possible outcome. The criteria are listed and their relative importance is evaluated. Each outcome is assessed against each criteria and then is evaluated by summing its utility score against each criteria weighted by the relative importance of each criteria. 3) Assessment of Probabilities. The alternative outcomes of each decision stage are allocated probability of the likelihood of their occurrence. These are subjective assessments, but experience is used to lend some objectivity. 4) Determining Optimum Path The optimum path through the decision tree is determined by working backwards from the final outcome and calculating the expected (weighted average) utility of each event node. Where several activities enter an activity event node, the path with the highest utility is elected and the others are eliminated. The best path through the decision tree is found. 5) Sensitivity Analysis Important elements of the decision tree should be assessed by applying a range of values to determine the effect. Decisions to be made for this project (Plot J) Budget The budget for the project and the program for implementation will be very difficult to ascertain at this early stage, but if some indication can be given and an approximate cash flow, it could be very useful to the Client and would indicate our understanding of the project. In order to ensure my project comes in on budget I will be employing a skilled and experienced quantity surveyor. This is because there is a big difference between estimated costs and true costs, which would be calculated to a degree of accuracy by the quantity surveyor. Budgets for the professional fees and programs for the professional services would also be useful. Green Field site As our site is situated on a â€Å"green field site† then there will be certain implications which may hamper the development. Once land has been converted to development, it is unlikely to ever be converted back to Greenfield use Destruction of the natural habitat of some animal and plant species Loss of agricultural land results in loss of production and loss of employment Reduction of or complete loss of amenity or recreation value Negative effect upon transport and energy use Loss of the gr

Lynching: African American and People Essay

Some races faced racism in the cruelest of ways. â€Å"The Lynching† by Claude McKay describes the horror of being a black person in the south at that time peroid. The poem is also describes death, pain, and the suffering lynching caused to others. â€Å"His father by the cruelest ways of pain.† This quote â€Å"his father by the cruelest ways of pain† describes pain. It is saying that lynching was very painful by saying it was by the cruelest way of pain. The cruelest way of pain doesn’t mean lynching is so cruel even though hanging a person is very cruel. It’s saying that the people who committed the pain did it for the cruelest reason of pain, or in this case murder, which was the reason of racism. â€Å"His sprit ascended into high heaven†. This quote symbolizing the death of any person who was lynched by any person. The quote â€Å"His spirit ascended into high heaven† is saying in a religious term that the people who were lynched and were murdered were going someplace better than a discriminating world that still does the same thing; now its all wide spread. It also means that the people who had died went to heaven meaning that they were pure of heart and didn’t do anything wrong. This quote represents the good people these people were and the innocent people. â€Å"The women thronged to look by never a one showed sorrow in her eyes of steely blue†. This quote is saying that others suffered from lynching too it could have showed anger. You can tell the poet is describing lynching because it saying the ghastly body swayed in the sun. You can infer that the poet thinks not all white people are bad. The lady who showed sadness had blue eyes you can infer she is white. Some races have experienced discrimination more than others but there is always one or a band of brave people who overcome this discrimination. Most of these times these people got assassinated but there point got through. Martin Luther King JR. who tried to end racism and discrimination. Martin Luther King JR. didn’t end discrimination but tried hard for it will never end. The victims are scapegoats or are just different. Claude McKay got his point out with many others by writing moving poetry pieces. McKay wrote â€Å"The Lynching† which expressed what some people did to innocent black people.

Outline

Outline Introduction: Nowadays, most people In the world use the Internet. People can get all kinds of information from around the world through the Internet and life in the world easy to communicate with others. The Internet seems to be at first glance dream tool. However, the Internet Is not always a bright side. It can be harmful, when people use it and little care. Thesis: Government should regulate the Internet, there are few reasons here that government should regulate the internet more strictly. Body: Main idea #1 Topic Sentence: The number of crimes on the Internet at breakneck speed is increase in the past few years.Disgruntled employees and hackers commit many cyber- crimes, and others are committed by con artists using the Web to perpetuate auction fraud, identity theft and other scams. (Hansen, B, 2002) We sometimes encounter some fraud when we do some shopping on the Internet. In this case, we are doing procurement and they do not send to the buyer, although the money ha s been sent to the seller. This Is very difficult to track down criminals because we have almost no Iranians, who they are, what they do, even where they live we also don't know.If we use the Internet for online shopping, our credit card number Is stolen; then, the money In our bank account may be used up. Using the Internet to make our personal information is not safe, especially those important documents In fact, when we surf the Web, read e-mail, and download software, a hidden program is called a Trojan chat, can send to our computer without our knowing. It will steal and transfer all the information that we already saved. After that, this person may make use of it to there. (Hansen, 8. 002) Main idea # 2 Topic Sentence: Copyright infringement through unauthorized digital downloading, and file sharing is another reason why the government should control the internet. In reality, we can find out a lot of illegal work, such as music, movies, or books on the Internet. If people down load free music, movies, or books without pay money, It will harm the economy. More than 2. 2 million hard-working, middle-class people In the US depend on the entertainment Industry for their Jobs, and many millions more ark in other industries that rely on intellectual property. Clammiest, M. , 2012) Free downloading does sometimes replace a music sale, but it's misleading to count every free Internet download as an act of piracy that deprives a copyright owner of dollars. (Clammiest, M. , 2012) The consequence of free downloading: â€Å"$58 billion is lost to the U. S. Economy annually due to content theft, including more than 373,000 lost American Jobs, $16 billion in lost employees' earnings, plus $3 billion in badly needed federal, state and local governments' tax revenue. Worth,J and Amy, C. , 2012) Main idea #3 Topic sentence: The censorship of internet can filter the Inappropriate information online and protect children from disturbing websites, such as, child pornography, sexual violence and detailed Instructions In crime or drug use. The undue Internet Information may weaken children's moral consciousness and pollute children's soul. Healthy growth of children or even cause adolescent crime. However, children are easy to contact undue internet information.Since parents cannot monitor the web ages that children browse in any time and at any place, the censorship of internet can help the parents to filter undue websites for children and protect them from the misguidance and negative influence of internet. (Shears, R. , 2010). In conclusion: The censorship of internet can protect the life privacy of people, people's economic interest and protect children from disturbing websites. The censorship of internet can protect to maintain the mainstream morals and values of the nation and help the public to form healthy and reasonable internet using consciousness. Outline During the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (fourteenth to early 1 6th centuries) 1 . France and England fought in a devastating Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) 2. Bubonic Plaque ravished Europe. 3. Schism within the Church 4. Western Collocation seemed to be collapsing with the onslaught of the Turks and the fall of Constantinople. 5. Scholars argued and pondered over the assumptions about God and his nature. 6. Humanists recovered classic knowledge and languages, beginning cultural changes that would spread through Europe. 7. Within independent nation-states, nationalism and patriotism rose. II. Revival of the Empire,Church, and Towns A. Otto I and the Revival of the Empire I. The Old Empire and the papacy's fortunes rise 1 . King Saxon Henry I and rebuilt royal power, leaving his successor King Otto I in a great territorial position 2. King Otto Xi's reign (936-973) a. Otto managed to get his own blood into power In Bavaria, Swab, and Franà §ois. B. Invaded Italy and declared himself King In 951. C. Defeated the Hungarian at Leeched In 955, securing borders against other barbarian attacks. L. Earned him the title â€Å"the Great d. Enlisted the Church in a careful rebuilding program l. Crowned bishops and abbots royal princes and agents of the king. Responded to a call of help from Pope John XII. L. Pope John crowned Otto I emperor for helping him in 962. F. The Church's power became stronger under Tot's rule. B. The Reviving Catholic Church I. King Otto I shifted the royal focus from Germany to Italy. 1 . Successors were too preoccupied with Italy, Germany fell apart. Lie. Church prepared to declare its independence too new force as revived empire began to crumble. 1. Reform within the Church was coming. A. Clunky Reform Movement l. Reform movement born In French monastery 910 II. Rejected subservience of the clergy to royal authority.Separation of Church and State including the Celibacy of the Catholic clergy has its origins form this reform movement. V. The papacy embraced the reforms in the late eleventh century. Iii. Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV 1 . Pope Gregory VII condemned the lay investiture of clergy at any level under the penalty of excommunication. A. The emperor's custom of installing bishops by gifting them the ring and staff (symbolizing Episcopal office) was what Gregory had in mind. B. The emperor, Henry IV took this as a challenge to authority. C. Territorial princes supported Surgery's edict, wanting to see the emperor weakened. Henry collected his most loyal bishops, having them declare independence from Gregory. E. Gregory excommunicated Henry IV and absolved his subjects from their loyalty to him. F. Gregory begged for forgiveness by standing barefoot in the snow for some 3 days before the Pope absolved him, symbolizing the height of Papal supremacy. 2. The investiture controversy eventually ended when Emperor Henry V renounced his power to install bishops with the ring and staff. A. In exch ange, Pope Calculus II allowed for the emperors to be able to give the bishops fiefs before or after they were invested with the ring and staff by the church. Emperor's still had the right to veto a candidate. 3. The outcome resulted in the pope strengthening his image and place, at the cost of diminishing imperial authority. 4. In the end, local princes ended up profiting most from the entire controversy. C. The First Crusades I. Late in the 17th century, the Byzantine Empire came under assault and pressure from the Seller Turks. 1. Emperor Alexis I Comments appealed for help from the West. A. Pope Urban II accepted by launching the first Crusade. L. Religion, hot-blood, and greed were influential in the launching of the Crusades. II.Planned out and executed very carefully by the revived papacy. Ill. Promised participants of the First Crusade plenary indulgence should they die in battle. Removal of all mortal sins, etc†¦ ‘V. Sparked anti-Jewish riots and protests across Europe. V. Beat Seller army after army until Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders in 1099. 2. Latin presence in the east began to crumble after the First Crusade. A. A Second Crusade was a dismal failure. B. A Third Crusade was also a great failure and the Holy Lands remained Muslim. 3. The Crusades did help replenish and stimulate Western trade and cultural presence in the East.

Summary and Comment on Animal Farm (6th Grade) - 965 Words

The book ‘The Animal Farm’ is a cleverly written book by George Orwell, which was first published in 1945. The time in which the book’s happenings play is not very specific, but can be concluded to the early 20th century in a farm house of rural England. In this book George Orwell describes the negative sides of communism by using different animals on a farm to substitute the different ranks and positions of people in a communist country. This fictional story features quite a few main characters such as Mr. Jones, Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer. Mr. Jones is the owner of the Manor Farm, later to be called Animal Farm after the animals conquered the farm and chased the former owner away. Snowball and Napoleon, the pigs, are the leaders†¦show more content†¦More often laws are being changed such as ‘No animal shall drink alcohol in excess’. The pigs act more and more like humans, which strongly violates against the idea of Animalism. They even start relations between neighboring farms and invite them to take a closer look at the farm. The story ends when the animals realize the 7 commandments have been shortened to ‘All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others’. The pigs dine in the farm house with the guest farmers, leaving the other animals outside who can’t tell the difference between the pigs and the farmers. Obviously George Orwell parodies communism in whole, using animals to substitute different characters that play a role in communist history, such as Napoleons and Snowballs predecessor Mr. Jones who substitutes Czar Nicholas the second. Napoleon obviously is the substitute for Joseph Stalin and his rival Snowball who’s in the place of Leo Trotsky, who was banished from communist Russia. Old Major, the founder of ‘Animalism’ is of course Karl Marx, the founder of the communist idea. The book was a good read because it was interesting to look at the history of communism in a complete different aspect and point of view. In whole the book was quite well written; there was always something new happening in every chapter and every happening in theShow MoreRelatedBusiness Enterprise Management10394 Words   |  42 Pagesentrepreneur Alexander Amosu, founder of Urban Ringtones . (4.10.09) Sarah Cooper working an ACE day for year 7 pupils at the University of Sunderland. Sarah Cooper, K NEX hands on learning for tutors OCN level 2 (15.01.10) Executive Summary This paper sets out to explore the implication of entrepreneurial, innovative and creative theory. Chapter 1 of the report defines entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity and identifies the different processes of each. This examination hasRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesï ¬ ve years as the Chief Reader for the Advanced Placement Statistics Exam and currently chairs the American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12. In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th edition. OutsideRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageseffective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learningRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratioRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWhat Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal AssessmentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNetworked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from FailureRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastly exceeded that of any previous era in history. In a century where human communities globally and individuals locally had the potential to be much more intensely connected by new communications technologiesRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesLibrary of Girro@qq.com iv Preface In addition, we have retained several features from previous editions: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Margin icons to note key concepts Key terms listed at the end of each chapter Example problems within the chapters Chapter summaries Questions and problems at the end of each chapter APPROACH AND ORGANIZATION Materials management means different things to different people. In this textbook, materials management includes all activities in the flow of materials from the supplierRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagessupervised. organic structure An organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and ï ¬ rst-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected. Summary and Review In this chapter we examined the evolution of management theory and research over the last century. Much of the material in the rest of this book stems from developments and reï ¬ nements of this work. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY The